-Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. >> Keith Stanovich . -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. What are the major forms of household income? schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work /Font << "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /ExtGState << They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /CS /DeviceRGB How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /Type /Group >> >> /F4 24 0 R 23417270. free . >> In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit /Type /Font [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. >> >> >> -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? What is an attribution? -In group: (us) << That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Discuss the validity of each statement. -Differs: The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. /Font << Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /ca 1 >> Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? >> In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /StructParents 2 Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. certain conditions. /BaseFont /Arial << A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. >> -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc If not, give a counterexample. Nathaniel . /Type /Group >> /CS /DeviceRGB /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U /S /Transparency endobj /Subtype /Type1 /F4 24 0 R How did Asch study conformity? [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. Please sign in to share these flashcards. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. She chooses to stop deliberation and act x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F /Group << 7 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Font /Type /Page /F1 21 0 R /GS8 28 0 R >> /Count 13 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, a. We'll bring you back here when you are done. 16 0 obj /Pages 2 0 R Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? /Tabs /S You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /F2 22 0 R /Type /Group /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /S /Transparency [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. endobj Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. << Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? What is obedience? 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /StructParents 3 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 ]"&4v [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /Font << >> /GS8 28 0 R /Annotation /Sect /CS /DeviceRGB 21 0 obj The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under What are its consequences? endobj >> /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] (1950s) a. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. /FirstChar 32 (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /GS8 28 0 R /S /Transparency First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. economic zones to fisheries. 260 0 R 261 0 R] 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R [>>>] /Parent 2 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /F6 26 0 R 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R /Group << endobj /Type /Page How does the brain respond to social rejection? The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. HWKoFW. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. /Encoding /Identity-H Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. How did Milgram study obedience? 18 0 obj /F1 21 0 R provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. 2 0 obj It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. /Type /Font 3,000 & 10,000 \\ [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous /Type /Page A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. /Parent 2 0 R [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. /Tabs /S 3 0 obj What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? variability, when the category is. /ExtGState << instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? /F1 21 0 R In par-ticular, this need . Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /Subtype /Type1 Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? /Artifact /Sect [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. /Group << The cognitive miser . /CS /DeviceRGB endobj endobj 23 0 obj -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one endobj [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /StructParents 5 One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. April 2013 . -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /Resources << Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. endobj /LastChar 239 List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. /Parent 2 0 R naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Resources << /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') Introducing Cram Folders! /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /F3 23 0 R /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R >> Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? Explain the significance of /Type /Page How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? 20 0 obj /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 others. /F3 23 0 R endobj As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. What percentage showed complete compliance? objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. You have created 2 folders. /Subtype /TrueType What are In-groups and Out-groups? -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /Type /Group 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /LastChar 32 [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. stream come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. >> /CS /DeviceRGB [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior /Type /Page 13 0 obj ] Before this, human thinking was. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? >> /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /Group << /StructParents 8 The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 500 0 0 389 278] 473480 . What is the difference between them? affects which beliefs and rules we test /Type /StructElem Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. >> Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /Type /Group What is the actor-observer bias? 7,000 & 6,000 \\ Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. 28 0 obj (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! endobj The process of understanding what something is by knowing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F3 23 0 R (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. endobj A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /S /Transparency << Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? endobj [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. 22 0 obj Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Chart /Sect The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. >> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic /S /Transparency /Type /Page /GS8 28 0 R 48 . /F1 21 0 R /F2 22 0 R endobj /S /Transparency New York . What does WEIRD refer to? [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /Name /F3 -Examples: sports events. The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /F1 21 0 R This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /Type /ExtGState In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /GS7 27 0 R /GS7 27 0 R >> >> 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R] -Becoming less pervasive 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] /Filter /FlateDecode According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. >> For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Naive scientist b. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Lang (en-US) /Resources << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Resources << [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts
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