Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. Psychological Review, 115(2), 336356. c. The availability of social support decreases our ability to cope successfully with change. Alter, A. L., Aronson, J., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). b. d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. Whites have earned the privilege. Why do U.S. taxpayers lose because of North Korea's counterfeiting? a. Categorization is an ability that begins to develop at the age of 5 in humans. Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2001). Because they hold these beliefs, it is possiblealthough not guaranteedthat they may use them when responding to other people, creating a subtle and unconscious type of discrimination. Reggie and his family are well off financially. Question: 3 points Save Answer Question 14 Which of the following statements regarding retirement trends is correct The savings rate in the United States has consistently been decreasing over the last 30 years. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. III. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 656674. A. permanent 2 cognitive Marissa is interviewing a woman who has come in for help with her bills and job-readiness training. Ann Hopkins' case is an example of: a. stereotyping. What is this scenario an example of? d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered. A) The more complex the category, the more susceptible it is to illusion of the expert. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(3), 331343. Ann Hopkins filed a lawsuit against Price Waterhouse asserting that her promotion for father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. Manipulations that affirm positive characteristics about oneself or ones group are successful at reducing stereotype threat (Alter, Aronson, Darley, Rodriguez, & Ruble, 2010; Greenberg et al., 2003; McIntyre, Paulson, & Lord, 2003). c. Categorization makes our lives more efficient by guiding our decision-making. a. Asian American women are featured in greater numbers than are any other women of color. a. unfriendly Other research using this technique has found that we spontaneously categorize each other on the basis of many other group memberships, including race, academic status (student versus teacher), social roles, and other social categories (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). Although Gkn has been shown to predict important life outcomes, only a few standardized tests measuring Gkn exist, especially for the adult population. a. Athleticism of female athletes tends to be overemphasized. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ________. Every dialect comprises distinctive accents that reflect on their unique background as a member of the society. a. 1. the standards and values of dominant groups 2. various groups' power within society 3. the standards and values of subordinate groups 4. social interaction The standards and values of dominant groups, various groups' power within society, and social interaction social impairment The stereotypes are pictures in our heads of the social groups (Lippman, 1922). Because they are so highly cognitively accessible, and because they seem so right, our stereotypes easily influence our judgments of and responses to those we have categorized. 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. In college textbooks approximately one-half of the references to women are specifically Dwayne was recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. Using our stereotypes to size up another person might simply make our life easier (Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). c. Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275287. a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War c. social role theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371383. 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. Sarah feels quite the contraryarguing that women have been the targets of sexism for many, many years and even now do not have the same access to high-paying jobs that men do. A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. All states have workers' compensation laws. Scientists today dispute the theory that races have significant genetic differences. Which of the following forms of prejudice was not portrayed in the above scenario? A. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 807820. d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the highest median household income? Perhaps this example will help you see the flexibility of social categorization. b. male generic language. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? worship-and-biblical-worldview-theo-104. c. economic factors Specifically, he found that although lines C and D (which are actually the same length) were perceived as equal in length when the lines were not categorized, line C was perceived as being significantly longer than line D in the condition in which the lines were categorized. To get around this problem, social psychologists make use of a number of techniques that help them measure these beliefs more subtly and indirectly. Explain why social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest. Although thinking about others in terms of their social category memberships has some potential benefits for the person who does the categorizing, categorizing others, rather than treating them as unique individuals with their own unique characteristics, has a wide variety of negative, and often very unfair, outcomes for those who are categorized. Generics are statements such as "tigers are striped", "a duck lays eggs", "the dodo is extinct", and "ticks carry Lyme disease". a. whites a. her "macho" style Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. This is an example of a. in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s C. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them.D. social class, family, football team etc.) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 456467. d. Elijah Anderson. a. German Americans A white person tells an Asian American person that they "speak good English." Richeson, J. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith 1959 )? Empty cart. But research has found that stereotypes are often used out of our awareness, which makes it very difficult for us to correct for them. c. 41 percent Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. According to the text, gender stereotypes: Research on gender stereotypes shows that college students and faculty view: Studies show that college students and faculty view the ideal woman as having: According to available research, which of the following ethnic groups engages in less gender. Given are five observations for two variables, x and y. xi12345yi3751114\begin{array}{r|rrrrr} Once we believe that men make better leaders than women, we tend to behave toward men in ways that makes it easier for them to lead. the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Stereotype threat is created in situations that pose a significant threat to self-concern, such that our perceptions of ourselves as important, valuable, and capable individuals are threatened. A. social inequality d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate. Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. At the last second, one of Reggie's teammates misses a shot that costs his team the game. a. women over age 35; women under age 35 The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. "Female professor receives prestigious grant." b. some traits are not uniformly applied to women in diverse ethnic groups. c. multiculturalism. b. white women c. laws limiting the rights of blacks in South Africa under apartheid Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). video-notes-from-discussion-posts-. Simplify the answer when possible . d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding college athletes is/are not true? d. discrimination. b. institutional racism. d. a and b, Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: A. Social strategies. On the affective side, stereotype threat creates stress as well as a variety of affective responses including anxiety (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008). I start with some of the early challenges to the widely-employed philosophical method of casesthe very challenges that originally prompted the new movement of experimental philosophyand with some fundamental questions about the method that are yet to have been given satisfying answers. a. Dred Scott v. Sandford a. transference. d. all of the above. (2003). Prejudice refers to an unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup. b. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 349364. Dwayne One difficulty in measuring stereotypes and prejudice is that people may not tell the truth about their beliefs. As of August 2011, the interest rate earned on oneyear U.S. Treasury bills was 0.11%0.11 \%0.11%. d. integrate schools. Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A. L. (1963). Allport, G. W. (1954/1979). c. Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different. d. Asian Americans, Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. And self-fulfilling prophecies are ubiquitouseven teachers expectations about their students academic abilities can influence the students school performance (Jussim, Robustelli, & Cain, 2009). Is your behavior fair or unfair to the people you are categorizing? Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Brian's Chapter 2: Social Learning and Social Cognition, Chapter 5: Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion, Chapter 11: Working Groups: Performance and Decision Making, Chapter 12: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination, Chapter 13: Competition and Cooperation in Our Social Worlds, Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students, Next: 12.2 Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. c. male as normative. The point at which operating income is equal to $0. There are clear-cut physical differences between races. c. Cuban Americans On the cognitive side, individuals who are experiencing stereotype threat show an impairment in cognitive processing that is caused by increased vigilance toward the environment and attempts to suppress their stereotypical thoughts. b. ethnic differences are combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources. Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). B. in-group bias c. Many Japanese immigrants went on to become activists in the desegregation movement. c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. It has been argued that there is a kernel of truth in most stereotypes, and this seems to be the case. Stereotype threat and the intellectual performance of African Americans. d. a and c. Which is true of media portrayals of gays and lesbians? d. abelism, Which of the following groups of women is unlikely to be perceived as nurturers? a. b. from the middle 1960s to 1986 b. require welfare recipients to work. Im sure youve had this experience yourself, when you found yourself thinking or saying, Oh, them, theyre all the same!. Patricia Linville and Edward Jones (1980) gave research participants a list of trait terms and asked them to think about either members of their own group (e.g., Blacks) or members of another group (e.g., Whites) and to place the trait terms into piles that represented different types of people in the group. Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? C. holding a stereotype diffusion of ability, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Similar effects occur when we categorize other people. Along with crystallized intelligence (Gc), domain-specific knowledge (Gkn) is an important ability within the nomological net of acquired knowledge. - Q/A (Question and Answer) Darren Farr Test Answer Answer: it occurs without conscious awareness Recource Chapter 12 Psychology Correction Unlock this answer Join StudyHippo to unlock Related questions d. honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women. b. discrimination is unavoidable, but prejudicial attitudes are not. c) the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. C. The point at which sales revenue equals contribution margin. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey? San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. a. interpersonal racism. b. Martin Luther King Jr. There are two rival pet stores located across the street from each other. social loafing Making things even more difficult, stereotypes are strongest for the people who are in most need of changethe people who are most prejudiced (Lepore & Brown, 1997). d. Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant. a. there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons. C. categorization Public opinion. Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) performed a simple experiment that provided a picture of the potential outcomes of categorization. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. 44; 22 Stangor, C. (1995). c. scapegoating I used this code when statements . Orlando, FL: Academic Press. The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. Of course, you may think that you personally do not behave in these ways, and you may not. I can't believe that I missed it!" c. Segregation Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. d. Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black-white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto. You can see that these social categorizations may create some potential for misperception, and perhaps even hostility. a. a. immigration. a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A.-B. b. often get angry, making a mountain out of a molehill. d) Secondary research is cheaper than primary research. a. often misunderstand what was really an innocent comment. The research participants were not very good at this task, and yet when they made mistakes, these errors were very systematic. b. Racist views distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans became central to European racist attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 16671678. c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact If employees receive a contribution of 3% of total compensation, then an . b. African Americans Although either individual could afford to purchase a generator individually, they agree to split the cost of a generator because they love fish more than they dislike each other. We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 229241. In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. c) Secondary research is quicker than primary research. (2004). Rules Sara Baker, Ori Friedman, Alan M. Leslie (sbaker@ruccs.rutgers.edu) Cognitive development in the preschool years is characterized by diminishing impulsivity in thought and action. These beliefs just seem right and natural, even though they are frequently distorted overgeneralizations (Hirschfeld, 1996; Yzerbyt, Schadron, Leyens, & Rocher, 1994). 349380). d. modern sexism. Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. In fact, just knowing that stereotype threat exists and may influence performance can help alleviate its negative impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005). d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: People naturally classify others into categories. Which of the following statements regarding project management is true? 262 courses. a. c. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type. a. one-half of the girls heard discouraging, sexist comments about their science, math or athletic Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. Alleviating womens mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. In some cases, these beliefs may be positive, and they have the effect of making us feel more confident and thus better able to perform tasks. Furthermore, the categories are arranged such that the responses to be answered with the left and right buttons either fit with (match) the stereotype or do not fit with (mismatch) the stereotype.
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