[130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. The collection currently contains . [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Primary Source 10. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Guide. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. . When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. Categories . As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Making of America. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. N.S. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. The Steamboat Adventure. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Books. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Primary Source Terms:. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Roman military leaders. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Pueblo, CO 81001. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Revised on November 11, 2022. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. Updated on October 07, 2019. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. . When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Wikipedia entry. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Copyright statement. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations.
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