The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. You are using an out of date browser. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Hugh, Goldie. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the [74][75] [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. . [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. Photo by Eli Bentor. clothing stores in columbia mall That it was through the Qua [an Ejagham or Ekoi stock], that the secret of Ekpe cult diffused to Calabar. . Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". [46] On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. Explain. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Write the meaning in the blank. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. Mr. . The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. [72] [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. Among the earliest proponents of the Ibibio origin theory are Consul Hutchinson who stated, "The present inhabitants of Duke town, Old town and Creek town are descendants of the Egbo shary or Ibibio tribe up the Cross River. According to him . [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. (Ed.). Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. Hope all is well. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. Photo by Eli Bentor. The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. by Web Services Editor. And it's a symbol in both. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. Simple theme. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. . [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. According to E.U. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. The cloth is traditionally used as either a wrapper, worn by high- ranking members of Ekpe group who often . Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. Sisiku Ojong-Orock was born on Saturday October 2nd, 1948 in Ogomoko Village,Eyumojock Sub-Division, Manyu Division in the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. [81] [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. "[20] Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum.
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